Enhorabuena a todos mis estudiantes que han aprobado con éxito el examen oficial de CAMBRIDGE BUSINESS ENGLISH CERTIFICATE (BEC). Todos los estudiantes que se han presentado al examen recibirán un certificado oficial de Cambridge, cada uno con el correspondiente nivel de Business English que ha aprobado.

En el BEC se evalúan las cuatro destrezas del idioma - comprensión auditiva y de lectura, expresión oral y escrita - en un contexto profesional. El examen no es fácil, por lo tanto …¡ Bien Hecho !

Current Affairs: What the heck am I doing here? A guide to running with the bulls in Pamplona

What the heck am I doing here? A guide to running with the bulls in Pamplona
 

A personal account of the inexplicable madness that fuels the San Fermín festival every July

EL PAÍS
 
The idea of jumping a fence to run in front of six fighting bulls that could kill you at any moment cannot be explained with logic; instead it has to be filed under that heading that encompasses acts of surrealism, recklessness bordering on the suicidal, and the irresistible, adrenaline-fueled need to put yourself to the test, to put life to the test, to put death to the test. I suspect this is what psychiatrists tell their patients as they lie on the couch. Certainly, they are the arguments that the runners use when they talk about their excitement and fear.
 
It’s 8am, and the bells of San Cernin church are ringing. Invisible needles prick at the feet and the souls of each and every runner in today’s encierro. The first firecracker goes off: the herd is released. Why are you here? Your mouth is dry; you have this urge to say “hi” to everyone you see, whether you know them or not; and you can’t stop yourself obsessively tying and untying your shoelaces. You’re trapped on the wheel of madness, part of an invisible brotherhood with the other runners. Your palms are sweaty and the July sun is peeking through the rooftops of Pamplona, as though to remind you that you could be sitting at a street café in Plaza del Castillo or on Mañueta street, breakfasting on chocolate con churros.

But instead you are here.

If you have chosen Cuesta de Santo Domingo at the beginning of the course as your starting point, you’ll need good eyes, and you’ll need to train them on where you think you are going to start running. Whatever you do, do not wait for the bulls to be breathing down your neck before you start moving. Not even for them to be 10 or 12 meters away. Take your reference point to be something that looks like it might be 20 to 25 meters distant, place yourself in the middle of the street, and run, run, run. And as you run, keep looking back – quickly, just tenths of a second each time – to ensure the group does not gain on you too quickly and either a) passes you by without you even realizing, or b) catches you and affords you no way out. But don’t forget to also look in front of you, to avoid tripping over other runners. Overcrowding is as dangerous as the bulls. So, in short, try to have four eyes instead of two. Sounds complicated? Well, why did you come in the first place?

As they hurtle up Santo Domingo and veer towards the first runners stuck to the side barriers, the fighting bulls are in their splendor – not to mention their moment of maximum panic. Keep in mind that only yesterday they were treading the sweet, soothing grass of the meadow and now they are on hard, unfamiliar cobblestones. Animals weighing over 600 kilos cover this 280-meter, six percent slope like the devil were on their tails, and in 20 seconds or so they are already in Plaza del Ayuntamiento. This is where the first American citizen to be gored to death, 22-year-old Matthew Peter Tassio, was hit on July 13, 1995. Tassio, who had arrived in Pamplona just two days earlier, was never told one of the golden rules of the encierro: if you fall, stay down, kiss the ground, protect your head with your arms and hands, and pray to San Fermín if you are the praying kind – and if you’re not, pray anyway. Tassio fell and tried to get up again. He didn’t have time to see the horns coming straight at him. There have been 15 deaths at the sanfermines since 1922, the year considered the beginning of the modern era of the encierros. Since then, the route has invariably been the same: 848.6 meters starting in the corrals of San Domingo and ending in the city’s bullring.

Between the final stretch of the Cuesta de Santo Domingo and the first meters of Mercaderes street, runners cover around 80 meters diagonally. This is the widest section of the course. After a slight curve left, the herd takes Mercaderes and aims for one of the most spectacular, not to mention dangerous, spots of all: the curve that separates Mercaderes from Estafeta street. It is so sharp, it’s practically a right angle.

It is here – where photographers from all over the world place their cameras, including the extraordinary Jim Hollander, the American reporter who spent 30 years covering the sanfermines for Reuters and other media outlets, and probably the foreign journalist most familiar with the curve – that the bulls skid and slam against the fences. So here is a warning to first-timers: make sure you don’t take the curve on the outside, unless you want to become a human sandwich. Always take it on the inside, or in the middle of the street at the most.

Estafeta stretches in a straight line for 305 meters with a slight slope. Every one of the 2,000 to 3,000 runners (depending on the day, although overcrowding is always a problem) has his favorite spot, but a particularly fascinating one is located 20 to 30 meters from the tight bend where the bulls slip and slide – though a lot less so since they started treating the ground with non-slip products in 1998. This is a magical spot from which to begin your run.

Your initial fear, which will be followed by the stress of elbowing your way through the running crowd, will not prevent your senses from being fully aware of the sound of 56 hooves (six bulls and eight steer who guide them along) hitting the stones, the roar, the panicked screams of the people looking down from the balconies, and above all the smell of bull. The unmistakeable, bitter, pungent smell of bull.

The early why-am-I-here musings have given way to a ferocious immediacy in which you think of nothing; you just look, shove, run, jump, avoid, scream, fall, get up, and if it comes down to it, bow out quickly so as not to get in the way of the people coming up behind you.

Estafeta ends in a sharp left curve. This stretch is always packed with people and the patas density is high. Patas, literally legs, is the term given to people not running but just standing there, either to take pictures or videos, or to touch the bulls as they go by – in other words, the two most forbidden things at the sanfermines. We are only talking about 60 meters, but it is a very dangerous antechamber to the bullring. Idiots with an adventurous vein and fools only wanting to capture the moment on your cellphones and upload it to Facebook, YouTube or Twitter: please abstain.

This is where the most accidents have occurred. There is no way out should a hapless runner come into close and undesired contact with one of the beasts. There have been over 20 human pile-ups throughout the years, with an especially tragic one on July 8, 1977, when 17-year-old José Joaquín Esparza, a native of Pamplona, either suffocated to death or was killed when a bull stepped on him (the exact cause of his death was never very clear). This is also the place where Julen Madina, a Basque runner with a lot of experience, was dramatically gored up to six times in 2004.

The encierro finally reaches the bullring. If you have made it this far, fan out left or right as soon as you step on to the sand. Never, ever keep running toward the middle.

And so your own particular encierro is now part of history. Slowly, the saliva returns to your mouth. You sit down on the ground. You think. You remember. And you never forget. Never.

Don’t ask why, it will be useless. It doesn’t matter whether you also like surfing with white sharks, parachuting out of planes, spending your afternoons among gorillas in Rwanda, or following the trail of the Bengali tiger. There is nothing like the bulls running down the streets of Pamplona. And you running in front of them.

We will keep on reading Freud.

VIDEO: Dropbox founder Drew Houston talks about his success

 

Dropbox founder Drew Houston  talks about his success ...

New Entrepreneurs: Dropbox and the failures behind it

New Entrepreneurs

Dropbox and the failures behind it

BBC

In Silicon Valley it is said failure is a badge of honour - and practically a prerequisite for success.

And so it has proved for Drew Houston, the latest high-profile entrant into Silicon Valley's billionaire club.

Mr Houston, 31, co-founded Dropbox - an online file-sharing service - with Arash Ferdowsi in 2007. The company, founded just seven years ago, is now estimated to be worth an eye-watering $10bn (£5.9bn).

But he had several failures before this success.

While studying computer science at the prestigious Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) he happened on the idea of an automated gambling "bot", a computer programme designed to play real-money hands of online poker instead of humans.

However Mr Houston's "bot" kept malfunctioning.

"There would be bugs and it would fold my hand. It was an automated way of losing all your money," he laughs.

The entrepreneur's first serious idea was an online course to help students prepare for their college entrance exams.

Three years of work on that project proved fruitless, but his frustrations collaborating with colleagues proved the spark of inspiration for Dropbox.

"I was on a bus from Boston to New York and I had a big list of things I wanted to get done. I fished around in my pockets only to find out I'd forgotten my thumb drive," he explains.

"I was like: 'I never want to have this problem again,'" he says.

With fours hour to kill and not a lot else to do, he decided to start writing some code, and so Dropbox - an online cloud storage solution for files - was born.

Initially investors were lukewarm - as there were many other cloud-based storage solutions.

"But I would ask them: 'Do you use any of them?' And invariably they would say no," he says.

Seven years later, and Dropbox has proved a hit, recently reaching 300 million users - an audience that he says he could never have had with his previous ideas.

And that, he says, is part of the key to success. "Make something people want. That sounds so obvious, but when you look at why companies fail it's normally because they don't have enough customers."

Timing clearly played a part too - Mr Houston launched the firm at a time when users were migrating towards multiple devices, from netbooks to mobile phones (and later tablets).

Once you've developed a great user-friendly product, Mr Houston believes the other essential ingredient is good distribution.

"With Dropbox people would tell their friends about it and collaborate. So when you go into work and work on a project with colleagues you recruit them in essence to become Dropbpox users because you're all working on a project together."

Of course built into the very idea of entrepreneurship is the notion of risk. But Mr Houston believes that is overstated.

"One misconception is that entrepreneurs love risk. Actually we all want things to go as we expect. What you need is a blind optimism and a tolerance for uncertainty."

He says that when he started the company he would have been intimidated by having 700 employees and the scope of the operation that Dropbox has today.

"The good news is it happens one day at a time," he says.

"One of the great things about moving to Silicon Valley is that you're surrounded by all these people who've done it before. This place is an assembly line that takes a couple of twenty-somethings and walks you through everything you need to learn.

"What you really need is just a commitment to learning and putting yourself on the edge of your comfort zone to develop all these skills that otherwise don't come naturally."

And about being inducted into the billionaires club?

"It's very disappointing actually," he laughs. "It would be great if there was just a happiness switch which turns on. But of course I feel really fortunate and more and more I and other people at Dropbox are going to spend more time thinking about how to give back."