Obituary: Nelson Mandela
By BBC News
To those who observed him
closely, Nelson Mandela always carried himself as one who was born to lead.
As his former cellmate and long time friend, Ahmed
Kathrada, said recently: "He was born into a royal house and there was
always that sense about him of someone who knew the meaning of
leadership."
The Mandela who led the African National Congress into
government displayed a conspicuous sense of his own dignity and a self-belief
that nothing in 27 years of imprisonment had been capable of destroying.
Although Mr Mandela frequently described himself as
simply part of the ANC's leadership, there was never any doubt that he was the
most potent political figure of his generation in South Africa.
To the wider world he represented many things, not
least an icon of freedom but also the most vivid example in modern times of the
power of forgiveness and reconciliation. Back in the early 1990s, I remember
then President, FW De Klerk, telling me he how he found Mandela's lack of
bitterness "astonishing".
His fundamental creed was best expressed in his
address to the sabotage trial in 1964. "I have fought against white
domination, and I have fought against black domination," he said.
"I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and
free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal
opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But if
needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die."
Born in 1918, Rolihlahla Dalibhunga Mandela was raised
in the village of Mvezo in the Transkei in the Eastern Cape. He was one of 13
children from a family with close links to the royal house of the Thembu
people.
Mr Mandela often recalled his boyhood in the green
hills of the Transkei with fondness. This was a remote landscape of
beehive-shaped huts and livestock grazing on poor land.
He was only nine when his father died of tuberculosis.
Always closer emotionally to his mother, Mr Mandela described his father as a
stern disciplinarian. But he credited his father with instilling the instincts
that would help carry him to greatness.
Years later Mr Mandela would write that "my
father possessed a proud rebelliousness, a stubborn sense of fairness…"
His death changed the course of the boy's life.
The young Mandela was sent from his home village to
live as a ward of the Thembu royal house, where he would be groomed for a
leadership role.
This meant he must have a proper education. He was
sent to a Methodist school, where he was given the name Nelson. He was a
diligent student and in 1939 went to Fort Hare University, then a burgeoning
centre of African nationalism.
It was at Fort Hare that Mr Mandela met the future ANC
leader, Oliver Tambo, with whom he would establish the first black law practice
in South Africa. Both were expelled from the university in 1940 for political
activism.
First as a lawyer, then an activist and ultimately as
a guerrilla leader, Mr Mandela moved towards the collision with state power
that would change his own and his country's fate.
The late 1950s and early 1960s were a period of
growing tumult in South Africa, as African nationalists allied with the South
African Communist Party challenged the apartheid state.
When protest was met with brute force, the ANC
launched an armed struggle with Mr Mandela at its head.
He was arrested and charged with treason in 1956.
After a trial lasting five years, Mr Mandela was acquitted. But by now the ANC
had been banned and his comrade Oliver Tambo had gone into exile.
Nelson Mandela went underground and embarked on a
secret trip to seek help from other African nations emerging from colonial
rule. He also visited London to meet Tambo.
But soon after his return he was arrested and
sentenced to five years in jail. Further charges, of sabotage, led to a life
sentence that would see him spend 27 years behind bars.
He worked in the lime quarry on Robben Island, the
prison in Cape Town harbour where the glaring sun on the white stone caused
permanent damage to his eyes; he contracted tuberculosis in Pollsmoor Prison
outside Cape Town, and he held the first talks with government ministers while
he was incarcerated at the Victor Verster prison farm.
In conversation, he would often say prison had given
him time to think. It had also formed his habits in sometimes poignant ways.
I recall a breakfast with several other journalists,
where Mr Mandela was briefing us on the latest political talks. The waiter
approached with a bowl of porridge. Tasting it briefly, the ANC leader shook
his head. "It is too hot," he said. The waiter went away and returned
with another bowl. This too was sent back. The waiter was looking embarrassed
as he approached for the third time.
Fortunately the temperature was now cool enough. The
famous broad smile appeared. The waiter was heartily thanked and breakfast -
and our questions - were able to continue.
"That was a bit fussy wasn't it," I remarked
to a colleague afterwards.
My colleague pulled me up short with his reply. "Think
about it. If you spent 27 years in jail, most of the time eating food that was
either cold or at best lukewarm, you are going to end up struggling with hot
food."
There it was, expressed in the most prosaic of
realities, a reminder of the long vanished years of Nelson Mandela.
Prison had taken away the prime of his life. It had
taken away his family life. Relations with some of his children were strained.
His marriage to Winnie Mandela would end in divorce.
But as I followed him over the next three years,
through embattled townships, tense negotiations, moments of despair and
elation, I would understand that prison had never robbed his humanity.
I remember listening to him in a dusty township after
a surge of violence which threatened to derail negotiations. Fighting between
ANC supporters and the predominantly Zulu Inkatha movement had claimed
thousands of lives, mainly in the townships around Johannesburg and in the
hills of Natal.
In those circumstances another leader might have been
tempted to blame the enemy alone. But when Mr Mandela spoke he surprised all of
us who were listening: "There are members of the ANC who are killing our
people… We must face the truth. Our people are just as involved as other
organisations that are committing violence… We cannot climb to freedom on the
corpses of innocent people."
He knew the crowd would not like his message but he
also knew they would listen.
As an interviewee, he deflected personal questions
with references to the suffering of all South Africans. One learned to read the
expressions on his face for a truer guide to what Mr Mandela felt.
On the day that he separated from Winnie Mandela, I
interviewed him at ANC headquarters. I have no recollection of what he said but
the expression of pure loneliness on his face is one I will always remember.
But my final memory of Nelson Mandela is one of joy.
On the night of 2 May 1994 I was crammed into a function room full of
officials, activists, diplomats and journalists, struggling to hear each other
as the music pulsed and the cheers rang out.
The ANC had won a comprehensive victory. On the stage,
surrounded by his closest advisors, Nelson Mandela danced and waved to the
crowd. He smiled the open, generous smile of a man who had lived to see his
dream.
Nelson Mandela 1918 - 2013
1918 Born in the Eastern Cape
1943 Joined African National Congress
1956 Charged with high treason, but charges dropped after a four-year trial
1962 Arrested, convicted of incitement and leaving country without a passport,
sentenced to five years in prison
1964 Charged with sabotage, sentenced to life
1990 Freed from prison
1993 Wins Nobel Peace Prize
1994 Elected first black president
1999 Steps down as leader
2001 Diagnosed with prostate cancer
2004 Retires from public life
2005 Announces his son has died of an HIV/Aids-related illness
